Deprecated: EmbedVideo's extension.json or skin.json does not have manifest_version, this is deprecated since MediaWiki 1.29 in /home/whittier/wiki.whittier.domains/includes/debug/MWDebug.php on line 382 http://wiki.whittier.domains/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=KsantosWhittier College Wiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-18T22:21:09ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.40.1http://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=User:Ksantos&diff=432User:Ksantos2017-02-07T21:45:05Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hello, my name is Kelly. I am a WSP Film/Psychology/Digital Culture major and I am interested in learning more about media. I like to spend my time watching Youtube videos and shows on Netflix. That's as interesting as I get.</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=User:Ksantos&diff=431User:Ksantos2017-02-07T21:44:38Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hello, my name is Kelly. I am a WSP Film/Psychology/Digital Culture major and I am interested in learning more about media. I like to spend my time watching Youtube videos and shows on Netflix. That is as interesting as I get.</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=421Mobility2017-02-07T21:17:08Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> In the past, books may have been too heavy to carry, allowing for an individual to only take so many. Today, many of us use our smartphones to access our media. The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|150px|right|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility<br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=420Mobility2017-02-07T21:16:34Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> In the past, books may have been too heavy to carry, allowing for an individual to only take so many. The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|150px|right|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility<br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=419Mobility2017-02-07T21:16:19Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> In the past, books may have been too heavy to carry, allowing for an individual to only take so many.<br />
The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|150px|right|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility<br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=418Mass Media2017-02-07T21:14:50Z<p>Ksantos: /* New media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref> [[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.<br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying for TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually growing in its popularity throughout the 1990s due to the "graphic based user interface and common network protocols." <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=417Mass Media2017-02-07T21:13:29Z<p>Ksantos: /* Broadcast media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref> [[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.<br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying for TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=416Mass Media2017-02-07T21:13:12Z<p>Ksantos: /* Broadcast media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref> [[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.<br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying for TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=415Mass Media2017-02-07T21:12:43Z<p>Ksantos: /* Broadcast media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref> [[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.<br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying for TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=412Mass Media2017-02-07T21:11:08Z<p>Ksantos: /* Motion Picture and Sound Recording */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref> [[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.<br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=411Mass Media2017-02-07T21:10:39Z<p>Ksantos: /* Motion Picture and Sound Recording */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.<br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=410Mass Media2017-02-07T21:10:10Z<p>Ksantos: /* Motion Picture and Sound Recording */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.<br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=409Mass Media2017-02-07T21:07:48Z<p>Ksantos: /* Print media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=407Internet2017-02-07T21:04:32Z<p>Ksantos: /* Net Neutrality */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were set between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Nodes set at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed after. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was intended to say "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> When everything was back up again, it was not until an hour later that the message was able to completely send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP provided standards for the ways in which data was to be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we consider to be the Internet today. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide relatively slower speeds for Netflix and Hulu users, or any streaming service for that matter. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Because of the rules net neutrality has put into place, Internet service providers are required to “connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
[[File:FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232).jpg|thumb|right|FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232)]]In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules as a way to create standards for Internet service providers. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> These rules consisted of transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet service providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking referred to how they were not allowed to block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination required Internet service providers to stray away from having a preference when it came to traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term Internet is used in Psychology as a means of discussing Internet abuse and Internet addiction.<br />
In Business, the advantages and benefits that the Internet provides is widely discussed. These are just two examples of the way Internet is discussed.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=406Internet2017-02-07T20:58:19Z<p>Ksantos: /* Net Neutrality */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were set between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Nodes set at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed after. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was intended to say "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> When everything was back up again, it was not until an hour later that the message was able to completely send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP provided standards for the ways in which data was to be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we consider to be the Internet today. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide relatively slower speeds for Netflix and Hulu users, or any streaming service for that matter. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Because of the rules net neutrality has put into place, Internet service providers are required to “connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
[[File:FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232).jpg|thumb|right|FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232)]]In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules, which would enforce transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet Service Providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking meant that they could not block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination referred to how they could not have a preference over traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term Internet is used in Psychology as a means of discussing Internet abuse and Internet addiction.<br />
In Business, the advantages and benefits that the Internet provides is widely discussed. These are just two examples of the way Internet is discussed.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=405Internet2017-02-07T20:57:57Z<p>Ksantos: /* Net Neutrality */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were set between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Nodes set at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed after. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was intended to say "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> When everything was back up again, it was not until an hour later that the message was able to completely send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP provided standards for the ways in which data was to be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we consider to be the Internet today. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide relatively slower speeds for Netflix and Hulu users, or any streaming service for that matter. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Because of the rules net neutrality has put into place, Internet service providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
[[File:FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232).jpg|thumb|right|FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232)]]In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules, which would enforce transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet Service Providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking meant that they could not block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination referred to how they could not have a preference over traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term Internet is used in Psychology as a means of discussing Internet abuse and Internet addiction.<br />
In Business, the advantages and benefits that the Internet provides is widely discussed. These are just two examples of the way Internet is discussed.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=404Internet2017-02-07T20:55:16Z<p>Ksantos: /* ARPANET */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were set between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Nodes set at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed after. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was intended to say "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> When everything was back up again, it was not until an hour later that the message was able to completely send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP provided standards for the ways in which data was to be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we consider to be the Internet today. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
[[File:FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232).jpg|thumb|right|FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232)]]In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules, which would enforce transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet Service Providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking meant that they could not block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination referred to how they could not have a preference over traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term Internet is used in Psychology as a means of discussing Internet abuse and Internet addiction.<br />
In Business, the advantages and benefits that the Internet provides is widely discussed. These are just two examples of the way Internet is discussed.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=403Internet2017-02-07T20:54:20Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were set between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Nodes set at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed after. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was intended to say "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> When everything was back up again, it was not until an hour later that the message was able to completely send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP provided standards for how data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we consider to be the Internet today. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
[[File:FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232).jpg|thumb|right|FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232)]]In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules, which would enforce transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet Service Providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking meant that they could not block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination referred to how they could not have a preference over traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term Internet is used in Psychology as a means of discussing Internet abuse and Internet addiction.<br />
In Business, the advantages and benefits that the Internet provides is widely discussed. These are just two examples of the way Internet is discussed.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=402Internet2017-02-07T20:53:58Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were set between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Nodes set at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed after. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was intended to say "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> When everything was back up again, it was not until an hour later that the message was able to completely send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP provided standards for how data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we consider to be the Internet today. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
[[File:FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232).jpg|thumb|right|FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232)]]In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules, which would enforce transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet Service Providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking meant that they could not block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination referred to how they could not have a preference over traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term Internet is used in Psychology as a means of discussing Internet abuse and Internet addiction.<br />
In Business, the advantages and benefits that the Internet provides is widely discussed. These are just two examples of the way Internet is discussed.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=399Mobility2017-02-07T20:41:59Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|150px|right|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility<br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=398Mobility2017-02-07T20:41:48Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|150px|left|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility<br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=397Mobility2017-02-07T20:41:15Z<p>Ksantos: /* Uses in other disciplines */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|200px|left|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility<br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=396Mobility2017-02-07T20:40:32Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|200px|left|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility <br /><br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br /><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=394Mobility2017-02-07T20:39:42Z<p>Ksantos: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|200px|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility <br /><br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br /><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=393Mass Media2017-02-07T20:38:41Z<p>Ksantos: /* Print media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] This allowed for the production of books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=392Mass Media2017-02-07T20:38:20Z<p>Ksantos: /* Types of mass media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] This allowed for the production of books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=390Mass Media2017-02-07T20:37:54Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] This allowed for the production of books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Philo T Farnsworth]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=389Internet2017-02-07T20:33:09Z<p>Ksantos: /* Uses in other disciplines */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
[[File:FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232).jpg|thumb|right|FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232)]]In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules, which would enforce transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet Service Providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking meant that they could not block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination referred to how they could not have a preference over traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term Internet is used in Psychology as a means of discussing Internet abuse and Internet addiction.<br />
In Business, the advantages and benefits that the Internet provides is widely discussed. These are just two examples of the way Internet is discussed.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=388Internet2017-02-07T20:26:26Z<p>Ksantos: /* Net Neutrality */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
[[File:FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232).jpg|thumb|right|FCC Chairman Genachowski swears in Ajit Pai as the new Commissioner (7196602232)]]In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules, which would enforce transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet Service Providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking meant that they could not block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination referred to how they could not have a preference over traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=387Internet2017-02-07T20:23:03Z<p>Ksantos: /* Net Neutrality */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) created Open Internet Rules, which would enforce transparency, no blocking, and no discrimination. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> In regards to transparency, Internet Service Providers were ordered to reveal how they managed their networks. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> No blocking meant that they could not block a users access to legal content. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref> Lastly, no discrimination referred to how they could not have a preference over traffic sources. <ref> "'Net Neutrality' For Dummies, How It Affects You, And Why It Might Cost You More", [http://www.businessinsider.com/net-neutralityfor-dummies-and-how-it-effects-you-2014-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to net neutrality today, Ajit Pai, who President Trump chose to lead the FCC, has stopped nine Internet service providers from providing high speed internet at a discounted price for those with low income. <ref> "Trump’s F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules", [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/technology/trumps-fcc-quickly-targets-net-neutrality-rules.html The New York Times].</ref> In 2015, Pai voted against net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
An article by Business Insider quoted Pai in a speech he had given in order to show his stance on the net neutrality. <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref> The article states, "Pai said he was "more confident than ever" that the current net-neutrality law's "days are numbered," and that he'd like the future FCC to "fire up the weed wacker" and remove numerous regulations currently in place." <ref> "Trump just made a vocal opponent of today's 'open internet' laws the next FCC boss", [http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-net-neutrality-fcc-chairman-ajit-pai-2017-1 Business Insider].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=385Internet2017-02-07T19:59:50Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|250px|left|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=383Internet2017-02-07T19:57:42Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|400px|right|Internet Map]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=File:Internet_map_1024.jpg&diff=382File:Internet map 1024.jpg2017-02-07T19:52:11Z<p>Ksantos: Ksantos uploaded a new version of File:Internet map 1024.jpg</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=File:Internet_map_1024.jpg&diff=381File:Internet map 1024.jpg2017-02-07T19:50:50Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=380Internet2017-02-07T19:49:48Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.png|200px|thumb|Internet map 1024]]<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=379Internet2017-02-07T19:46:46Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|Internet map 1024]]<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=378Mass Media2017-02-07T19:35:35Z<p>Ksantos: /* New media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|Johannes Gutenberg]] This allowed for the production of books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|Edison and phonograph edit2]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|Kinetophonebis1]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|Philo T Farnsworth (cropped)]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=377Mass Media2017-02-07T19:35:02Z<p>Ksantos: /* Limited Effects Theory */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|Johannes Gutenberg]] This allowed for the production of books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|Edison and phonograph edit2]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|Kinetophonebis1]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|Philo T Farnsworth (cropped)]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
======Limited Effects Theory======<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=376Mass Media2017-02-07T19:34:37Z<p>Ksantos: /* Limited Effects Theory */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|Johannes Gutenberg]] This allowed for the production of books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|Edison and phonograph edit2]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|Kinetophonebis1]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|Philo T Farnsworth (cropped)]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
==Limited Effects Theory==<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=375Mass Media2017-02-07T19:34:12Z<p>Ksantos: /* =Limited Effects Theory */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|Johannes Gutenberg]] This allowed for the production of books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|Edison and phonograph edit2]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|Kinetophonebis1]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|Philo T Farnsworth (cropped)]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
===Limited Effects Theory===<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mass_Media&diff=374Mass Media2017-02-07T19:33:51Z<p>Ksantos: /* Types of mass media */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref> Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
===Types of mass media===<br />
<br />
====Print media====<br />
Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> [[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|Johannes Gutenberg]] This allowed for the production of books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items at a cheap price<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref>. The invention allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.</ref> Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online. <br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref> The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.<br /><ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.</ref><br />
<br />
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====<br />
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref><br />
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|Edison and phonograph edit2]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|Kinetophonebis1]] With the kinetoscope, an individual would be able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref><br />
Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize into a projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As the motion picture industry was finally established, emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings produced a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since. <br />
<br />
====Broadcast media====<br />
With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref> Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref>TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6. </ref>[[File:Philo T Farnsworth (cropped).jpg|thumb|Philo T Farnsworth (cropped)]] There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.</ref><br />
<br />
====New media====<br />
Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. <br />
<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> It also allowed for computers to become more connected. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.</ref> Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.<br />
<br />
===Theories===<br />
====Limited Effects Theory===<br />
The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/politicalcommunication/n359.xml Sage Knowledge].</ref> As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. <ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.<ref> "Limit Effects Theory", [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100106197 Oxford Reference].</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism. <br /><br />
<br />
According to the New World Encyclopedia:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." <ref> "Mass Media", [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mass_media New World Encyclopedia].</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=373Internet2017-02-07T08:31:39Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=372Internet2017-02-07T08:29:31Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Net Neutrality====<br />
The website Public Knowledge defines net neutrality as "the principle that individuals should be free to access all content and applications equally, regardless of the source, without Internet service providers discriminating against specific online services or websites. In other words, it is the principle that the company that connects you to the internet does not get to control what you do on the internet." <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref> <br />
Without the rules of net neutrality, Internet Service Provides would be able to stop users from visiting certain websites, as well as redirect them to a competing website from the one they were currently viewing. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
Additionally, they would be able to provide slow speeds for Netflix and Hulu users. <ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
With rules in place, net neutrality prevents this, as Internet Service Providers are required to “<br />
connect users to all lawful content on the internet equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain sites or services.”<ref> "Net Neutrality", [https://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/net-neutrality PublicKnowledge].</ref><br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
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[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=371Internet2017-02-07T07:49:34Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo." <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
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Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
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[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=370Internet2017-02-07T07:49:00Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref>The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo". <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=369Internet2017-02-07T07:48:07Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo". <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
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Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
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[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=368Internet2017-02-07T07:47:23Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The first two nodes of the ARPANET were established between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1969. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> Shortly, nodes established at University of Santa Barbara and University of Utah followed. <ref> "ARPANET", [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm Computerhope].</ref> A student programmer named Charley Kline, sent the first message over ARPANET using Leonard Kleinrock, the inventor of packet switching, UCLA's computer in October of 1969. <ref> "Charley Kline Sends the First Message Over the ARPANET", [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=1108 Historyofinformation].</ref> The message was sent to the second node located at Stanford Research Institute. The message sent by Charley Kline was intended to be read "login," but due to a crash in the system, the message instead said "lo". <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref> It was not until an hour later that the message was fully able to send. <ref> "How a simple ‘hello’ became the first message sent via the Internet", [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/internet-got-started-simple-hello/ PBS].</ref><br /><br />
In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
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[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=367Internet2017-02-07T07:26:01Z<p>Ksantos: /* Arpanet */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====ARPANET====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
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Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
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[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Internet&diff=366Internet2017-02-07T07:25:28Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Internet is a network that connects computers from all over, allowing them to communicate and exchange information with other computers as well. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
====Arpanet====<br />
ARPANET is known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref><br />
It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.<ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The creation of ARPANET is considered to be the first prototype of the Internet, using packet switching so that various computers were able to communicate to each other using a single network. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> In the 1970s, scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed TCP/IP. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> TCP/IP stood for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> The TCP/IP was model that providing standards for the ways of in which data could be transmitted between various networks. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref> On January 1st 1983, ARPANET took on TCP/IP, eventually creating what we come to know as the Internet. <ref> "Who invented the internet?", [http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/who-invented-the-internet History.com].</ref>[[File:Internet map in February 82.png|thumb|Internet map in February 82]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
Many terms are used beyond Media Studies or come from other fields, mention those here.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Cite any research done for this article<br />
Use the [[Citations|Citations Guide]] for important markup information to help format your citations.<br />
<br />
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Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
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[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantoshttp://wiki.whittier.domains/index.php?title=Mobility&diff=365Mobility2017-02-07T07:10:06Z<p>Ksantos: </p>
<hr />
<div>Mobility is the ability in which something is moved from place to place, from "point A" to "point B." <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Before advancements in technology, the only way an individual was able to consume media was by traveling to the places that provided it.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> This all changed with the development of microprocessors and wireless technology.<ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> As a result of these changes, media is now able to travels with us, allowing us to access books or music, for example, without having to go to a book or music store. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 11.</ref> The iPhone is just one example of how mobility has allowed media to come with us. [[File:IPhone 6S Rose Gold.png|thumb|IPhone 6S Rose Gold]]<br />
<br />
==Uses in other disciplines==<br />
The term mobility is also mentioned a lot when it comes to business. In an article by Steve Levy from Wired, he suggests that due to mobility <br /><br />
<blockquote> "Never before have businesses had the opportunity to interact so closely with their employees. The rise in personal infrastructure through the adoption of smartphones and tablets, along with improvements in mobile technologies and the growing availability of business apps, are creating new ways for businesses to empower their workforce." <ref> "Why Business Mobility Is Going Mainstream", [https://www.wired.com/insights/2013/04/why-business-mobility-is-going-mainstream/ Wired].</ref></blockquote><br /><br />
Additionally, there is a term called mobility of labor that is used in business. In mobility of labor, employees are able to move from different jobs, occupations, and various locations. <ref> "Mobility of Labor", [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobility-of-labor.html BusinessDictionary].</ref><br />
==See also==<br />
Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for [[links]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
Additional online resources for this keyterm.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Critical Theory]]</div>Ksantos