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====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====
====Motion Picture and Sound Recording====
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>
The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref> [[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.
[[File:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Edison and phonograph]] His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5. </ref>[[File:Kinetophonebis1.jpg|thumb|300px|Kinetoscope]] Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref> As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. <ref> Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.</ref>However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.


====Broadcast media====
====Broadcast media====

Revision as of 21:11, 7 February 2017

Mass Media is a communication technology that has the capacity to reach large audiences among vast populations.

Background

The term mass media was coined during the 1920s with the rise of radio, newspapers, and magazines. [1] Some types of mass media include print media, motion picture and sound recording, broadcast media, and new media. [2]

Types of mass media

Print media

Print media was considered to be the first mass medium. In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg, a printer from Germany, invented the printing press.[3]

Johannes Gutenberg

Books, pamphlets, and other types of similar items were now able to be produced at a cheap price[4]. The invention additionally allowed for knowledge to spread and be recorded for future generations and uses. In 1607, the colonies created their first printing press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[5] During this period, printing of religious texts was rather popular. [6] In 1833, mass-circulation of newspapers began, which grew increasingly during the 19th and 20th century.[7] Statics in the textbook by Ott and Mack show that approximately 92 percent of US households were subscribed to a daily newspaper in 1973. Unfortunately, the production and circulation of the newspaper has been in decline since, as news is typically viewed online.
[8]

In regards to magazines,the first US magazine, titled American Magazine, was published in 1741.[9] The industry however did not take off until the mid-nineteenth century, but like the newspaper, magazines have also been in decline, specifically in the number of titles and paid circulation.
[10]

Motion Picture and Sound Recording

The history of motion picture and sound recording stems back to Thomas Edison. After the creation of print, Edison followed with two other mass medias. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, which played record sounded. [11]

Edison and phonograph

His other invention, the kinetoscope, was created in 1892. [12]

Kinetoscope

Using the kinetoscope, an individual was able to view a silent film through what was considered to be a motion picture device at the time. [13] Edison wanted to combine the two so that the audio and film would synchronize together into one projector that would create a viewing experience for more than one individual. [14] As motion picture became established as an industry , emphasis was then placed on sound recording. Sound recordings generated a great profit, which lead to the further developments of magnetic tapes (1926), LP records (1948), compact and audio cassettes (1963), and eventually compact discs (CDs) in 1982. [15]However, these are only some of the formats, as there has been many others before and since.

Broadcast media

With the development of broadcast media, media was now brought to audiences through public airwaves. [16] Radio was the first type of broadcast media to rise, with broadcasts already taking place during the 1920s. [17]TV then followed, with CBS creating the first television schedule in 1941, and Philo T. Farnsworth applying TV’s first patent in 1927.[18]

Philo T Farnsworth

There has been a great amount of growth in both commercial radio and tv stations since 1950. [19]

New media

Examples of new media range from digital TV, to film, photography, smart phones, and so forth. New Media began with the development of the computer chip in 1971, also know as the microprocessor. [20] As time passed, the microprocessor increased in performance, eventually becoming more powerful than when it was first created.[21] It also allowed for computers to become more connected. [22] In the 1970s, the Internet became popular amongst the public, eventually becoming more popular in the 1990s due to the graphic based user interface and common network protocols. [23] Today, the internet still remains a very popular example of new media.

Theories

Limited Effects Theory

The Limited Effects Theory is centered around the effects of mass media, and the idea that the media has a limited effect on its audience and society. [24] The theory surfaced during the late 1940s and early 1950s as a result of a series of studies done in Erie County, Ohio. [25] The research focused on why and how people chose the way voted. [26] It was conducted by a group of researchers from Columbia University. [27] As a result of his research, Paul Lazarsfeld found that mass media cannot directly alter the attitudes and opinions of an individual. [28] Individuals come to understand messages from the media in relation to the attitudes and opinions that they hold, using mass media to reinforce these opinions and attitudes.[29]

Uses in other disciplines

Aside from its use in media studies, mass media is also a term used in journalism.

According to the New World Encyclopedia:

"The term "mass media" is mainly used by academics and media professionals. When members of the general public refer to "the media" they are usually referring to the mass media, or to the news media, which is a section of the mass media." [30]

See also

Make connections and links to connected keyterms and articles. Remember to consult the guide for links.

References

  1. ↑ "Mass Media", New World Encyclopedia.
  2. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.
  3. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.
  4. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.
  5. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.
  6. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.
  7. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 3.
  8. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.
  9. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.
  10. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 4.
  11. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.
  12. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.
  13. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.
  14. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.
  15. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 5.
  16. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.
  17. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.
  18. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.
  19. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 6.
  20. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.
  21. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.
  22. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.
  23. ↑ Ott and Mack, "Critical Media Studies: An Introduction" (New York; Wiley & Sons, 2014), 8.
  24. ↑ "Limit Effects Theory", Sage Knowledge.
  25. ↑ "Limit Effects Theory", Sage Knowledge.
  26. ↑ "Limit Effects Theory", Sage Knowledge.
  27. ↑ "Limit Effects Theory", Sage Knowledge.
  28. ↑ "Limit Effects Theory", Oxford Reference.
  29. ↑ "Limit Effects Theory", Oxford Reference.
  30. ↑ "Mass Media", New World Encyclopedia.

External links

Additional online resources for this keyterm.

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